1.
Covid-19 - a global pandemic; essentially a virus where people will experience mild to moderate respiratory illness and recover without requiring special treatment.
Diplomat - an official representing a country abroad.
Equality - supporting an individual, group or a country.
Equity - equity means that people of all identities are treated fairly.
Eradication - the complete destruction of something.
Greeks - The Ancient Greek civilisation was the period between about 1200bc, to the death of Alexander the Great, in 323bc. It was a period of political, philosophical, artistic, and scientific achievements that formed massively impacted Western civilisation.
Industrial - relating to industry - so production in factories, etc.
Inherited - a quality, characteristic, or predisposition derived genetically from your parents or ancestors.
Life expectancy index - life expectancy is based on an estimate of the average age that members of a particular population group will be when they die.
Low human development index - a summary measure of average achievement in key dimensions of human development: a long and healthy life, being knowledgeable and have a decent standard of living.
Malaria - a fever caused by a parasite which invades the red blood cells - it is transmitted by mosquitoes in many tropical and subtropical regions.
Sanitise - making something clean and hygienic, or to disinfect.
Smallpox - a serious infectious disease caused by the variola virus that is contagious —meaning, it spreads from one person to another. People who had smallpox had a fever and a distinctive, progressive skin rash.
Social determinants of health - the non-medical factors that influence health outcomes. They are the conditions in which people are born, grow, work, live, and age, and the wider set of forces and systems shaping the conditions of daily life.
Socioeconomic factors - factors relating the impact of how social and economic circumstances interact together.
Sovereign states - a sovereign state or country is independent and not under the authority of any other country.
Translational health issues - the process of turning observations in the laboratory, clinic and community into interventions that improve the health of individuals and the public
UN - The United Nations is an international governing body formed in 1945 to increase political and economic cooperation among its member countries.
Vaccine - an injection to increase protection against a particular disease.
WHO - the World Health Organisation is a part of the United Nations that deals with major health issues around the world. The World Health Organisation sets standards for disease control, health care, and medicines; conducts education and research programs; and publishes scientific papers and reports.
2.
Adenine - A chemical compound that is used to make one of the building blocks of DNA and RNA. It is also a part of many substances in the body that give energy to cells.
Amino acids - The molecules that combine to form proteins. Amino acids and proteins are the building blocks of life. When proteins are digested or broken down, amino acids are left. The human body uses amino acids to make proteins to help the body break down food.
Antibodies - a protein produced by the body's immune system when it detects harmful substances, called antigens.
Biofluids - A biological fluid. Biofluids can be excreted (such as urine or sweat), secreted (such as breast milk or bile), obtained with a needle (such as blood or cerebrospinal fluid), or develop as a result of a pathological process (such as blister or cyst fluid).
Biomolecules - chemical compounds found in living organisms
Cancer - a disease caused by the uncontrollable growth of abnormal cells in the body
Carbohydrates - a substance such as sugar or starch that consists of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Carbohydrates in food provide the body with energy and heat.
Carbon - a non-metal which has two main forms (diamond and graphite) and which also occurs in impure form in charcoal, soot, and coal.
Cardiovascular disease - a disease affecting the heart or blood vessels
Cytosine - a chemical compound that is used to make one of the building blocks of DNA and RNA.
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) - the molecule that carries genetic information for the development and functioning of an organism. DNA is made of two linked strands that wind around each other to resemble a twisted ladder — a shape known as a double helix.
Diabetes - a disease that reduces the body's ability to regulate blood sugars
Diagnostics - The practice or techniques of diagnosis.
Electrons - the negatively charged particles that make up atoms, alongside protons (positively charged) and neutrons (not charged).
Enzymes - a substance produced by organisms that aids chemical changes, without being changed itself
Fatty acids - molecules forming the building blocks of the fat in our bodies and in the food we eat.
Fragmentation pattern - the separation of unstable ions by passing molecules through ionisation chamber of a mass spectrometer
Genetic - relating to genes and DNA
Genome - an organism's complete set of DNA
Genomics - The study of an organism's genome.
Guanine - one of the four constituent bases of nucleic acids. A pure derivative, it is paired with cytosine in double-stranded DNA.
Hormones - chemical substances that send messages to other parts of the body that tell cells and organs how to work.
Integrative - combining two or more things so that they work together
Ion - an atom or molecule with an electric charge due to the loss or gain of one or more electrons.
Ionise - to convert an atom, molecule, or substance into an ion or ions, typically by removing one or more electrons.
Ionise - to convert an atom, molecule, or substance into an ion or ions, typically by removing one or more electrons.
Lipids - natural substances which do not dissolve in water, like fats and oils.
Mass spectrometry - an instrumental method for identifying the chemical constitution of a substance by separating gaseous ions according to their differing mass and charge.
Mass spectrum - the spectrum of a stream of gaseous ions separated according to their differing mass and charge, identified by the use of a mass spectrograph or mass spectrometer.
Messenger RNA (mRNA) - A type of RNA found in cells. mRNA molecules carry the genetic information needed to make proteins.
Metabolites - substances made or used when the body breaks down food, drugs or chemicals, or its own tissue (for example, fat or muscle tissue).
Metabolome - small molecules and their interactions within a biological system are known as the metabolome.
Metabolomics - the scientific study and analysis of the metabolites produced by a cell, tissue, or organism.
Nitrogen - a colourless, odourless gas. Nitrogen is important to the chemical industry. It is used to make fertilisers, nitric acid, nylon, dyes and explosives.
Nucleotides - the basic building block of nucleic acids (RNA and DNA)
OMICS - research technologies that measure and characterise molecules in cells or tissues
Oxygen - a chemical element found in the air as a colourless odourless tasteless gas that is necessary for life.
Periodic table - a table of the chemical elements arranged in order of atomic number, usually in rows, so that elements with similar atomic structure (and hence similar chemical properties) appear in vertical columns.
Proteome - an organism's complete set of proteins
Proteomics - the study of all proteomes in an organism
Proteomics - The study of all the proteins in an organism
Quadrupole - the set up of 4 poles of electric or magnetic charge, used in the mass spectrometer to differentiate the ionised gases passing through it. Essentially, the way the mass spectrometer determines an ion's mass and charge. ***check with Jinin***
Ribonucleic acid (RNA) - a nucleic acid structurally similar to DNA present in all living cells
Systematic - done or acting according to a fixed plan or system
Thymine - one of the four nitrogenous nucleo-bases that form the basic building blocks of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).
TOF (time of flight) - the measurement of the time taken by a particle to travel a certain distance
Transcriptome - the sum total of all the messenger RNA molecules expressed from the genes of an organism.
Transcriptomics - The study of all RNA molecules in a cell.
Vitamins - substances essential for normal growth, function and nutrition.
3.
Algorithms - a process or set of rules to be followed in calculations or other problem-solving operations, especially by a computer.
Alzheimer’s - a brain disorder that slowly destroys memory and thinking skills and, eventually, the ability to carry out the simplest tasks.
Atherosclerosis - a potentially serious condition where arteries become clogged with fatty substances called plaques, or atheroma.
Biomarkers - a biological molecule found in blood, other body fluids, or tissues that is a sign of a normal or abnormal process, or of a condition or disease.
Computational - using or relating to computers.
Disparities - a difference in level or treatment, especially one that is seen as unfair.
Efficacy - the ability to produce a desired or intended result.
Gene therapy - a medical technique that modifies a person's genes to treat or cure disease.
Glucose - the main type of sugar in the blood.
Metabolic signature - consists of 67 metabolites—small chemicals produced in the processes of metabolism that circulate in the bloodstream.
Oxythiamine - a chemical compound similar to thiamine, that interferes with thiamine's usual function in the body.
Personalised medicine - a type of medical care in which treatment is customised for an individual patient.
Pharmacodynamics - how well a drug works throughout time.
Predictive modelling - the gathering of OMICS data to find the correct biomarkers to treat individual patients with the correct treatment.
Prognosis - is the likely outcome or course of a disease, and the chance of recovery or recurrence.
Qualitative analysis - identification of the constituents, e.g. elements or functional groups, present in a substance.
Quantitative analysis - measurement of the quantities of particular constituents present in a substance.
Renal disease - a condition in which the kidneys stop working and are not able to remove waste and extra water from the blood or keep body chemicals in balance.
Thiamine - a vitamin of the B complex that is necessary for normal metabolism and nerve function and is found in many plants and animals. Also known as vitamin B1.
Toxicity - being toxic or poisonous.
Transketolase - an enzyme that causes the transfer of an alcohol group between sugar molecules. It relies on thiamine to function.
4
Retention time - the time interval between the injection of a sample and the detection of substances in that sample.
5.
N/A.
