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Adjustment disorders - an emotional or behavioural reaction to a stressful event or change in a person's life.
Advocacy - any action that speaks in favour of, recommends, argues for a cause, supports or defends, or pleads on behalf of others.
Anxiety disorders - a type of mental health condition in which you may respond to certain things and situations with fear and dread. You may also experience physical signs of anxiety, such as a pounding heart and sweating. It's normal to have some anxiety.
Attachment issues - a type of mood or behavioural disorder that affects a person's ability to form and maintain relationships. These disorders typically develop in childhood. They can result when a child is unable to have a consistent emotional connection with a parent or primary caregiver.
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) - a condition that affects people's behaviour. People with ADHD can seem restless, may have trouble concentrating and may act on impulse.
Atypical - not representative of a type, group, or class.
Autism - refers to a broad range of conditions characterised by challenges with social skills, repetitive behaviours, speech and nonverbal communication.
Cognition - the mental action or process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience, and the senses.
Deficit - the amount by which something is too small.
Devalued - a lessening of status or stature.
Deviate - departing from usual or accepted standards.
Dilemma - relates to a situation where there is a choice between alternatives, all of which are unfavourable and risk negative consequences.
Discourse - written or spoken communication or debate.
Dyscalculia - a specific and persistent difficulty in understanding numbers which can lead to a diverse range of difficulties with mathematics.
Dyslexia - a common learning difficulty that mainly causes problems with reading, writing and spelling.
Dyspraxia - Dyspraxia affects fine and gross motor coordination and could cause a child to perform less well than expected in daily activities for their age.
Imbecile - a foolish or stupid person.
Inclusion - the act of including within a group or structure.
Interventionist - teachers who find solutions to an individual's needs.
Marginalised - people treated as insignificant or outsiders.
Multi-sensory impairment - when a child or young person has impairments with both sight and hearing. Their sensory loss may be present at birth or acquired later. Most children and young people with MSI will have some useful vision and hearing; however there are some who are completely deaf and blind.
Neurotypical - not affected with a developmental disorder and especially autism spectrum disorder.
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) - a common, chronic, and long-lasting disorder in which a person has uncontrollable, reoccurring thoughts (obsessions) and/or behaviours (compulsions) that he or she feels the urge to repeat over and over.
Pathognomonic - teachers who tend to see that they can't do anything to alter an individual's needs.
Perceptions - awareness, comprehension or an understanding of something.
Prophecy - a prediction of something to come.
SEND - Special Educational Needs and Disability.
Stigmatised - to set some mark of disgrace or infamy upon someone or something.
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Central Coherence - the ability to grasp the broader meaning, or the gist, of something from a collection of details.
Differentiated - to recognise what makes (someone or something) different.
Differentiation - strategies to include ALL learners by teachers.
Discrimination - the unfair or prejudicial treatment of people and groups based on characteristics such as race, gender, age or sexual orientation.
Fundamental - central to everything.
Hate crime - any criminal offence which is perceived by the victim or any other person, to be motivated by hostility or prejudice based on a person's race or perceived race; religion or perceived religion; sexual orientation or perceived sexual orientation; disability or perceived disability and any crime motivated by hostility or prejudice against a person who is transgender or perceived to be transgender.
Impairment - the diminishment or loss of function or ability.
Integration - to form, coordinate, or blend into a functioning or unified whole.
Moderate Learning Difficulties (MLD) - require support as they may learn at a slower pace than their peers, even with appropriate differentiation.
Objects of Reference - objects that can be used to represent an activity person or place.
Othering - when some individuals or groups are defined and labeled as not fitting in within the norms of a social group.
PECS - allows people with little or no communication abilities to communicate using pictures.
Pedagogy - the method and practice of teaching, especially as an academic subject or theoretical concept.
Profound & Multiple Learning Difficulties (PMLD) - complex needs such a learning difficulty, mobility issues or health issues.
Provision - the act or process of providing support or resources.
Quantitative - expressible in terms of quantity.
Segregation - separation or isolation of someone.
SENCO - a teacher, or other school member of staff, who has responsibility for children with special educational needs.
SEN support - support that is additional to or different from the support generally made for other children of the same age.
Severe Learning Difficulties (SLD) - refers to a disorder in one or more of the basic processes involved in understanding or using language, spoken or written, that may result in an imperfect ability to listen, think, speak, read, write, spell or perform mathematical calculations.
Social Stories - short descriptions of a particular situation, event or activity, which include specific information about what to expect in that situation and why.
The Three Waves of Intervention Model - describes targeted provision for a minority of children where it is necessary to provide highly tailored intervention to accelerate progress or enable children to achieve their potential.
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Aetiology - the cause or set of causes of a disease or condition.
Amygdala - the part of the brain that deals with emotions.
Cerebellum - the part of the brain at the back of the skull in vertebrates, which coordinates and regulates muscular activity.
Cerebral - relating to the brain or the intellect.
Chromosomes - A structure found inside the nucleus of a cell. A chromosome is made up of proteins and DNA organised into genes. Each cell normally contains 23 pairs of chromosomes.
Diagnostic bias - occurs when the diagnosis is not intentionally delayed (the physician do not have the sufficient information available), after an error, or when some information provided is missed.
DSM-5 - Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (fifth edition).
Empathising - the ability to understand and share the feelings of another.
Executive function - the mental processes that enable us to plan, focus attention, remember, and juggle multiple tasks.
Exhibit - manifest clearly (a quality or a type of behaviour).
Foetal testosterone - testosterone that is absorbed by a foetus during development in the womb.
Genes - are the basic unit of heredity passed from parent to child. Genes are made up of sequences of DNA and are arranged, one after another, at specific locations on chromosomes in the nucleus of cells.
Genetic mutation - changes to your DNA sequence that happen during cell division when your cells make copies of themselves.
Gist - the main point or part of something.
Heritability - is a measure of how well differences in people's genes account for differences in their traits.
Integrity - the quality of being honest and having strong moral principles.
Macroscopic - involving large units or elements.
Neuro-developmental - referring to the brain's development of neurological pathways that influence performance or functioning (e.g., intellectual functioning, reading ability, social skills, memory, attention or focus skills).
Polygenetic - having many or several different sources of origin.
Post-natal - after birth.
Prefrontal cerebral cortex - the cerebral cortex covering the front part of the frontal lobe of the brain, and plays a central role in cognitive control functions.
Regulate - to control or maintain.
Rote memory - memory for material without much reference to the meaning, emotions, or to the context to which it is associated. Usually by repetition without full attention to what is being memorised.
Superior rote learning - a memorisation technique based on repetition.
Systemising - to arrange according to a system.
Theory of Mind (ToM) - is the ability to recognise, understand and infer other people’s mental states (their thoughts, beliefs, desires, intentions, etc.), and the ability to use this information to interpret what they say, make sense of their behaviour and predict what they will do next.
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Permeates - spread throughout.
