Climate - the average weather in a given area over a longer period of time.
Glacier - huge, thick masses of ice that form when lots of snow falls in one location for many years.
Northern Hemisphere - the part of the earth that lies north of the equator.
Southern Hemisphere - the part of the earth that lies south of the equator.
Seafaring - the use of the sea for travel or transportation.
Demarkating - the marking of the limits or boundaries
Territory - a plot of land controlled by a specific person, animal or country, or where a person has knowledge, rights or responsibilities.
States - a territory with its own government and borders within a larger country.
Sovereignty - the power of a country to control its own government.
Arbitrary - acting without thought of what is fair or right.
Uruguay - a republic in South America.
Mutually - - being held in common by two or more people.
UN Charter - an instrument of international law, and UN Member States are bound by it.
Territorial integrity - the principle under international law that gives the right to sovereign states to defend their borders and all territory.
Provision - the act or process of providing
Charter - a written contract.
Treaties - an agreement or arrangement made by negotiation.
Pyrenees - a mountain range between France and Spain, extending from the Bay of Biscay to the Mediterranean.
Colonising - the act of one country settling another place, in order to become the new rulers of the new country.
Legacy - something left behind.
Legitimise - to make something legal or acceptable.
Empire - an extensive group of states or countries ruled over by a single monarch
Iron curtain - a political, military, and ideological barrier that cuts off and isolates an area - the Soviet Union was an example.
Berlin Wall - a fortified concrete and wire barrier that separated East and West Berlin from 1961 to 1989.
Soviet Union - otherwise known as the USSR - a nation formerly located in eastern Europe and northwestern Asia. Its capital and largest city was Moscow.
Enduring - to continue in the same state.
Antecedent - existing before something else.
Relic - a trace of the past
Linguistic - the systematic study of the structure and evolution of human language.
Superimposed - placed or laid over something else.
Geometric - decorated with simple shapes and lines - like the borders of countries.
Supranational - the best example of a supranational organisation is the European Union - it transcends national boundaries, authority, or interests.
Brexit - an abbreviation of two English words: 'Britain' and 'exit', and refers to the withdrawal process of the United Kingdom (UK) from the European Union (EU).
Hostility - unfriendly or violent.
Exclusive - different, special or rare.
Militarised - to equip with military forces and defences.
Kosovo - a partially recognised state in Southeast Europe.
Boko Haram - translates literally to “Western education is forbidden” — Boko Haram is a rebel group that has, since 2009, killed tens of thousands of people in Nigeria, and has displaced more than two million others.
Hezbollah - (meaning Party of God) an Islamic political party and paramilitary organisation in Lebanon - it was formed in Lebanon in 1982, during the Lebanese Civil War.
Subvert - to overturn or overthrow.
Indigenous people - the original people from a particular place.
United Nations - an international governing body formed in 1945 to increase political and economic cooperation among its member countries.
Fragile states - a weak country with many internal problems - Syria, Somalia and Lebanon are prime examples.
Inequalities - Being uneven.
GDP (Gross Domestic Product) - measures the monetary value of final goods and services produced in a country in a given period of time.
Decolonisation - cultural, psychological, and economic freedom for Indigenous people.
Neo-colonialism - the use of economic, political, cultural, or other pressures to control or influence other countries.
Human rights - the basic rights and freedoms that belong to every person in the world, from birth until death.
Asylum - sanctuary for someone fleeing another country.
Nationality - the status of belonging to a particular nation.
Stateless - someone who does not belong to any country.
Oppress - to abuse power or authority and make peoples’ lives difficult.
Persecute - to subject someone to hostility and ill-treatment.
Refugee - a person who has been forced to leave their country in order to escape war, persecution, or natural disaster.
Precariousness - being in a dangerous situation.
Migrant - a person who moves from one place to another, especially in order to find work or better living conditions.
Referendum - a general vote posed to the people on a single political question which has been referred to them for a direct decision.
Divisive - causing disagreement or hostility between people
Labour force - all people aged 16 and older who are classified as either employed and unemployed.
Nationality laws - the legal manner in which a national identity is acquired.
Scottish Independent Party- a political party in Scotland that campaigns for Scotland to leave the United Kingdom and become an independent country.
Innovative - having lots of new ideas.
EU Member States - any country that is a member state of the European Union - there are currently 27 member states, and that doesn’t include the UK.
Existential - wrestling with big questions about human existence.
Humanitarian - promoting human welfare and social reform.
Crimea - a peninsula, or piece of land surrounded by water on three sides. It lies on the north shore of the Black Sea in Ukraine, a country in eastern Europe.
Violation - an infringement or breaking the rules.
UN Security Council - charged with ensuring international peace and security.
NATO - the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation, also called the North Atlantic Alliance, is an intergovernmental military alliance between 30 member states – 28 European and two North American.
Repercussions - the consequences of something
Alexander Lukashenko - is a Belarusian politician who has been the first and only president of Belarus since the establishment of the office on 20 July 1994,
Democratic - believing in or practising the idea that people are socially equal.
Republic - a state in which supreme power is held by the people and their elected representatives, and which has an elected or nominated president rather than a monarch.
Ceremonial head of state - the president is the ceremonial head of the state (meaning "country") - therefore they will meet with representatives of other governments.
Military occupation - control and possession of hostile territory by an invading nation - such as Russia in Ukraine.
Constituent - being a part of a whole.
Single-party socialist-republic - where only one political party has the right to form the government.
